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The meta-questions, divisional and basic structure of Chinese Philosophy

Author: Guo Yi

Source: The author authorized by the Confucian network to publish, published “Philosophy Research” No. 11, 2022

 

[Abstract] Philosophy is a study that explores nature, individuals, society and its intrinsics. The basic problem of Chinese philosophy is the relationship between heaven and man, and the elementary problem is how humans should live in this world. In order to clearly determine its meta- and fundamental problems, Chinese philosophy has become six departments: foundational theory, humanity theory, humanity theory, life theory, ethics and politics. Among them, the basic theory of origin and humanitarian theory with transcendent origin has been studied in the upper stage, and the life theory, ethics and political science that takes the real life as the subject of research has become the physical learning, while the human mind theory that lives between them is top-down. Metaphysical learning is a standard for judging whether a kind of thinking can be philosophized, so there is indeed philosophy in Chinese traditional thinking.

 

[Keyword] Chinese Philosophy Elementary Questions Chinese Philosophy Organization Department Chinese Philosophy Basic Structure Chinese Philosophy Comply with the Law

 

What is philosophy? Has China learned philosophy since ancient times? If so, what is Chinese philosophy? What is the meta-problem of Chinese philosophy? What are the departments? These conditional problems that study the history of Chinese philosophy have existed since the department was established more than a hundred years ago. The dispute over Chinese philosophy in compliance with the law at the end of the last century will be raised again, and the aftermath has not yet been resolved. There are some people who are good at this, and do not care about the rudeness and briefly understand the views of the students in the academic world.

 

1. Philosophy and its research objects

 

As a product, the definition of “philosophy” does not have a unified basis. In the “History of Chinese Philosophy”, the foundation work of the Chinese Philosophy History, Hu Ying proposed: “When studying the important problems in life, from the most basic chapter, we should think of a most basic solution. This kind of learning is called philosophy.” (Hu Ying, page 2) The connotation of “philosophy” is limited to “the essential problems in life”, which is obviously beyond the single aspect. In comparison, Zhang Dainian’s opinions are much more fair: “Philosophy is a study of the principles of the universe and life and the way of understanding this principle.” (Zhang Dainian, page 1) In addition to life, coupled with the dimension of the universe, it is closer to reality. This is the case in the “Preface to Sansongtang” by the “Sansongtang” in the 2000sIt is described: “Philosophy is a reflection on the human energy career. The scope of the human energy career is very wide, and the scope of the reflection is not as wide as it cannot be said. This scope can be divided into three parts: one is natural, one is society, and one is personal.” (Rongyoulan, 2001, 1st, page 210) The “nature” here is comparable to the “cosmic” mentioned by Zhang Dainian, and the “person” is equivalent to the “life” mentioned by Hu Yang and Zhang Dainian. In this way, between the universe and life, plus the dimension of society, it is doubled. However, from the perspective of structural order and logical relationship, nature precedes humans, and society is composed of individuals, so it is also appropriate to have a natural, individual, and society order.

 

The concept of philosophical science was first proposed by ancient Greeks, so let us understand the situation of Aristotle’s understanding of philosophy: “If nature has no body, natural science will be the first science; however, the world is like There is a non-revolutionary body, and this school must be the first and becomes the first philosophy. Since what is being studied here is the most basic thing, in this sense, this school should be broad. ” (Aristotle, page 120) It can be seen that the objects of philosophy study include two types of things, one is “Everything that is natural.” The study of this kind of thing is “natural science “, which is “first science”. The second is the “unchanging the body” of “outside all things that are naturally formed”. The discussion of this kind of thing is the “first philosophy”.

 

Therefore, the nature, personal and social mentioned by Master Feng is the first type of thing. The “nature” in modern Han Dynasty mainly refers to the natural world, that is, all things in the universe, that is, “all things created by nature”. Human beings are one of the things in the universe, but because humans are the subject of recognition, they need to separate them from the area among all things. As for society, it is a group composed of individual people. The relationship between man and nature is related to the relationship between people and things mentioned in Chinese traditional philosophy. Whether it is “natural things”, nature, society, individuals, people, and things are all parallel relationships, so the writer calls it the directional dimension of the object of philosophy research.

 

However, only studying the learning of nature, individuals, and things in society is obviously just what Aristotle calls “physics” and is not considered a strict philosophy. Philosophical research, more importantly, is an exploration of the “original body” behind nature, society, individuals, and things. Of course, the “unchanging the body” as Aristotle said is different from the “unchanging body” understood by Chinese philosophy. The former is the concept of non-changing, and the latter is the mother of endless universe. As long as this happens, they are all thingsor the same. In this regard, the two have the same characteristics. It is related to the nature, individual and society as phenomena, and is of a high and low degree and direction. Therefore, the author calls it the direct dimension of the object of philosophy research.

 

Chinese philosophy uses concepts such as “heaven” and “dao” to refer to the original body. Therefore, what Chinese predecessors called “the interpersonal world” focuses on the relationship between the “heaven” as the original body and the people and things as the phenomenon. Of course, since in the eyes of Chinese predecessors, people and things are all born from heaven, that is, people and things are of the same origin, the “interaction between heaven and man” also includes the relationship between people and things, that is, the directional dimension. But relative to the lateral dimension, the lateral dimension is secondary and the main dimension. Due to differences in focus, various philosophical philosophical versus morphological dimensions and morphological dimensions of philosophical research objects are also different, and the increase and decrease are also different, thus forming a diverse philosophical system.

 

Combining the above directions and the above directions is the two dimensions, including Hu Yang, Zhang Dainian, Rongyoulan, and Aristotle. It can be said that philosophy is to explore the learning of nature, individuals, society and its innate. In this way, the so-called Chinese philosophy refers to the knowledge that has emerged in Chinese history to explore nature, individuals, society and its essence. However, since modern times, Oriental Philosophy began to be widely transmitted to China, which made the concept of “Chinese Philosophy” reconcile. For the sake of research and discussion, the concept of “Chinese Philosophy” in this article is limited to Chinese traditional Philosophy.

 

From Aristotle’s statement, the original theory is the first philosophy. After Aristotle’s related works were named “Metaphysics”, people usually express this topic as metaphysics as the first philosophy. Therefore, metaphysics is the focus of philosophy. Since this is the case, having metaphysical learning has become a standard for judging whether a kind of thinking can be philosophized. [1]

 

Metaphysics has two raised characteristics, one is the generality mentioned by Aristotle, and the other is the transcendence. What the metaphysics studies is the final basis of all things in the universe. It hides behind the phenomena and is beyond the reach of people.

 

Everything in the universe is infinite, so the understanding and interpretation of its essence is also open and infinite. Any civilization, a civilized race, a philosopherStudents can explore it from their own perspective, and then draw the bottom line of differences and build a philosophical system of differences. The reason why there are many philosophical philosophies in human history is importantly due to the differences in the body they have discovered.

 

2. Basic and meta-problems of Chinese and Western Philosophy

 

So, what are the reasons why the intrins discovered by various philosophies are different? The author thinks that it is the problem consciousness.

 

When talking about the problem of philosophy, the first thing people think of is of course the basic problem of philosophy. In this regard, Engels’ classic expres TC: